Objectives

	Discuss the etiology, clinical significance and emergency management of a severe metabolic acidosis and metabolic alkalosis.
	Identify the causes and life-threatening manifestations of the following electrolyte imbalances: hyperkalemia, hypomagnesemia and hypokalemia, hypocalcemia, and hypophosphatemia.
	Discuss the recommended IV administration guidelines (dilution, rate of administration, compatibility and side-effects) for the following electrolytes: potassium chloride and potassium phosphate, magnesium sulfate, calcium chloride and calcium gluconate, and sodium phosphate.
	Identify the etiology and discuss the medical management of hypo- and hypernatremia associated with volume depletion, volume overload, and euvolemic states.
	Describe the elements used to assess volume status addressing the following clinical components: physical exam (cardiovascular, lungs, extremities, weight), laboratory findings (blood: BUN, creatinine, sodium, osmolality, total protein, hematocrit; urine: sodium, osmolality, specific gravity); and hemodynamics.
	Utilize knowledge of IV fluid concentrations to recognize inappropriate medical orders for IV fluid replacement.
	Utilize case studies to integrate knowledge of fluid, electrolyte and acid-base disorders to identify and treat intercurrent imbalances.