Objectives

	Describe and differentiate abnormalities in the metabolic profile seen in patients with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) vs. hyperosmolar, hyperglycemic, non-ketotic syndrome (HHNS), including: serum glucose, arterial pH, anion gap, bicarbonate, electrolytes, serum osmolality, ketone bodies.
	Identify the life-threatening effects of the following endocrine emergencies on the cardiovascular system: pheochromocytoma, acute adrenal crisis, thyrotoxicosis, and myxedema coma. Discuss the roles of thirst and vasopressin (ADH) in regulation of plasma osmolality.
	Discuss the etiology, clinical features, and nursing care of a patient in the critical care setting with diabetes insipidus and SIADH.
	Identify patients at risk for calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium imbalance and discuss the nursing role in treatment.
	Discuss the physiologic significance and treatment of hypomagnesemia in the cardiac patient and review the 1994 ACLS guidelines for the uses of IV magnesium.