Objectives

	Discuss the physiologic role of the kidney in the regulation of fluid and electrolyte balance, blood pressure regulation, maintenance of acid-base homeostasis, and excretion of metabolic waste products.
	Given a case study of a patient in acute renal failure (ARF), identify the etiology (prerenal azotemia, or nephrotoxic vs. ischemic acute tubular necrosis), interpret serum and urine laboratory abnormalities, and identify actual and potential systemic consequences of ARF.
	Identify the causes and life-threatening manifestations of the following electrolyte imbalances: hyperkalemia, hypomagnesemia and hypokalemia, hypocalcemia, and hypophosphatemia.
	Discuss the recommended IV administration guidelines (dilution, rate of administration, compatibility and side-effects) for the following electrolytes: potassium chloride and potassium phosphate, magnesium sulfate, calcium chloride and calcium gluconate, and sodium phosphate.
	Identify the etiology and discuss the medical management of hypo- and hypernatremia associated with volume depleted, volume overloaded, and euvolemic states.
	Utilize case studies to integrate knowledge of fluid, electrolyte and acid-base disorders to identify and treat intercurrent imbalances.